A Panther Buoy deployed in Nicolet Bay (Green Bay) near Peninsula State Park in Wisconsin.

Measuring Cyanobacteria Toxins in the Great Lakes

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Harmful algal bloom (HAB) monitoring has become a popular topic of research in limnology. While most monitoring efforts center on chlorophyll measurement, the real impacts of HABs are connected to the toxins produced by cyanobacterial blooms, which can be challenging to measure. Due to their impact on human health, establishing models that allow for the […]

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Illustration of a NexSens real-time data buoy. The buoy is equipped with an X3 data logger, multiparameter weather station, thermistor string, and a water quality measurement instrument.

7.2 Open Water Buoys

Open water buoys, also referred to as data buoys, provide a stable, floating platform for deploying environmental monitoring instruments in lakes, rivers, reservoirs, estuaries, bays, and coastal or ocean waters. These systems are essential for collecting real-time data in locations that may be difficult or dangerous to access using traditional methods. Buoys can support a […]

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7.1 Multi-Parameter Monitoring

Multi-parameter monitoring platforms enable comprehensive environmental data collection by integrating multiple sensors into a single system. These platforms measure a variety of parameters in water, soil, and air. A multi-parameter platform might include, for example, a weather station and water quality sensors for an environmental study on the effect of local weather conditions on a […]

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Illustration of a real-time soil oxygen monitoring system. It is a pole mount system with a solar panel, NexSens X3 data logger, and a soil oxygen probe.

6.6 Soil Oxygen

Soil oxygen concentration refers to the amount of oxygen present within the soil matrix, typically expressed as a percentage of the soil’s pore space volume. Well-aerated soils often have oxygen concentrations near atmospheric levels of about 20.95%. It may also include dissolved oxygen in the soil solution. However, oxygen dissolved in soil water is typically […]

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Illustration of a real-time soil pH measurement system that includes a NexSens X3 data logger, solar panel, and two soil PH probes deployed in a field.

6.5 Soil pH

Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of soil, represented on a logarithmic scale ranging from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Soils with pH values below 7 are acidic, while those above 7 are alkaline. Most soils fall within the range of pH 3 (ultra acid) to pH 10 (extremely […]

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Illustration of a real-time soil conductivity sensing system.

6.3 Electrical Conductivity

Soil conductivity, often referred to as electrical conductivity (EC), measures the ability of soil to conduct electrical current. This property is determined by the presence of dissolved salts and other charged particles (ions) in the soil solution. Conductivity is directly influenced by soil moisture, temperature, and salinity, as water and dissolved ions serve as the […]

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The Keweenaw South Entry buoy (NDBC 45025) after deployment, with Rabbit Island in the background.

Targeted Monitoring Solutions in the Great Lakes

Great Lakes Research Center

The Great Lakes are in a state of rapid and continuous change resulting from a host of environmental and anthropogenic stressors. Such circumstances require unique, targeted monitoring solutions to meet environmental demands and continuously document these changes. Hayden Henderson, a research engineer with the Great Lakes Research Center (GLRC), designs such systems, working with research […]

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An overview of the Fellows Ave monitoring station along Meadowbrook Creek.

Monitoring Urban Creeks in Syracuse, New York

Syracuse University

Syracuse, New York, is home to a number of urban creeks, ideal for monitoring the influence of human development on water resources. Syracuse University (SU) faculty, staff, and students have been monitoring the city’s waterways for over a decade, with Dr. Laura Lautz establishing a more formal program focused on collecting grab water samples from […]

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